Selasa, 26 Februari 2013
GRAMMAR--->Noun clause
A
sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.
A
sentence which contains one independent
clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent
clauses are also calledsubordinate clauses.)
There
are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also
called relative clauses.)
This
page contains information about noun
clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses.
A.
Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:
A noun
clause can be a subject of a
verb:
What Billy did shocked his friends.
A noun
clause can be an object of a
verb:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that
he couldn’t swim.
A noun
clause can be a subject
complement:
Billy’s mistake was that
he refused to take lessons.
A noun
clause can be an object of a
preposition:
Mary is not responsible for what
Billy did.
A noun
clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective
complement:
Everybody is sad that
Billy drowned.
B. You can combine two
independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the
ways listed above. The choice of the noun
clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a
noun clause:
To change a statement to
a noun clause use that:
I know + Billy made a mistake =
I know that Billy made a mistake.
To change a yes/no
question to a noun clause, use if or whether:
George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =
George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.
To change a wh-question to
a noun clause, use the wh-word:
I don’t know + Where is George? =
I don’t know where George is.
C. The subordinators in
noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers:
that
if, whether
Wh-words:
how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why
Wh-ever words:
however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever
D. Except for that,
noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can
be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first
word in a sentence:
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he
couldn’t swim.
correct:
Billy’s friends didn’t know he couldn’t
swim.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to
take lessons.
correct:
Billy’s mistake was he refused to take
lessons.
correct:
That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
not correct:
* Billy jumped off the pier surprised
everyone.
E. Statement word order
is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question:
not correct:
* Do you know what time is it?
(Question word order: is it)
correct:
Do you know what time it is?
(Statement word order: it is)
not correct:
* Everybody wondered where did Billy go.
(Question word order: did Billy go)
correct:
Everybody wondered where Billy went.
(Statement word order: Billy went)
F. Sequence of tenses in
sentences containing noun clauses:
When the main verb (the
verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun
clause is:
future if its
action/state is later
He thinks that the exam next
week will be hard.
He thinks that the exam next
week is going to be hard.
present if its
action/state is at the same time
He thinks that Mary is
taking the exam right now.
past if its
action/state is earlier
He thinks that George took the
exam yesterday.
When the main verb (the
verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun
clause is:
was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later
He thought that the exam the
following week was going to be hard.
He thought that the exam the
following week would be hard.
past if its
action/state is at the same time
He thought that Mary was
taking the exam then.
past perfect if its action/state is earlier
He thought that George had
taken the exam the day before.
If the action/state of
the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the
writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be
used even if the main verb is past.
The astronaut said that people will
live on other planets someday.
If the action/state of
the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time
the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general
truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even
if the main verb is past.
We learned that English is not
easy.
The boys knew that the sun rises in
the east.
G. Here are some
examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined)
and one independent clause:
Noun clauses as subjects
of verbs:
That George learned how to swim is a miracle.
Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.
What Mary said confused
her parents.
However you learn to spell is OK with me.
Noun clauses as objects
of verbs:
We didn’t know that Billy would jump.
We didn’t know Billy would jump.
Can you tell me if Fred is here?
I don’t know where he is.
George eats whatever is on his plate.
Noun clauses as subject
complements:
The truth is that Billy was not very
smart.
The truth is Billy was not very smart.
The question is whether other boys will
try the same thing.
The winner will be whoever runs fastest.
Noun clauses as objects
of prepositions:
Billy didn’t listen to what Mary said.
He wants to learn about whatever is
interesting.
Noun clauses as adjective
complements:
He is happy that he is learning English.
We are all afraid that the final exam
will be difficult.
Senin, 25 Februari 2013
GRAMMAR--->Used to
Used to do
We use 'used to' for
something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens.
·
I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.
·
Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion,
he doesn't.
·
I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.
We also use it for
something that was true but no longer is.
·
There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn't.
·
She used to have really long hair but she's had it all cut off.
·
I didn't use to like him but now I do.
'Used to do' is different from 'to be used to
doing' and 'to get used to doing'
to be used to doing
We use 'to be used to
doing' to say that something is normal, not unusual.
·
I'm used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time.
·
Hans has lived in England for over a year so he is used to driving
on the left now.
·
They've always lived in hot countries so they aren't used to the
cold weather here.
to get used to doing
We use 'to get used to
doing' to talk about the process of something becoming normal for us.
·
I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I
quickly got used to it.
·
She has started working nights and is still getting used to
sleeping during the day.
·
I have always lived in the country but now I'm beginning to get used
to living in the city.
GRAMMAR--->conjunctions
Definition
Some words are satisfied
spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box,
watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book.
Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other
words; they're joiners and they just can't help
themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins)
parts of a sentence
1.
Coordinate Conjunction
Menghubungkan
dua unit yang sama:noun dengan noun, adjective dengan adjective, adverb dengan adverb
Examples:
Susi gets a
good score, but maria gets a bad score.
Tono and
Tina are happy
You must
study hard, or you will fail in the examination
He is slow
but sure.
You should
go to the doctor, or take a rest
2.
Subordinate Conjunction
Biasanya
menghubungkan dua kalimat
Examples:
Because,
though/although/eventhough, when/while, before, after
Before I
study English, I eat first
I don’t go
to work today because I am sick
I go to
school eventhough I am sick
3.
Conjunctive Adverb
Mneghubungkan
dua kalimat
Examples:
However,
then, otherwise, furthermore
First we
have dinner; then we go home
We went to TMII;however, we didn’t visit all
pavilions.
Do your
homework; otherwise, your teacher will be angry with you
4.
Corrective Conjunction
Kata
penghubung yang berpasangan
Examples :
Nina is so kind
that she can easily make friend(kind=adjective)
Mr.Anwar
sings so beautifully that everybody give a hand(beautifully=adverb)
Mr Andy is
such a good student that he can pass the test easily(a good student=noun
phrase)
5.
Split Conjunction
Kata
penghubung yang terpisah oleh adjective, adverb, noun
Examples:
Nina is so kind that she can easily make friend(kind=adjective)
Mr.Anwar sings so beautifully that everybody give a hand(beautifully=adverb)
Mr Andy is such a good student that he can pass the test easily(a
good student=noun phrase7. Arguing
1. To put forth reasons for or against; debate: "It is time to
stop arguing tax-rate reductions and to enact them" (Paul Craig Roberts).
2. To attempt to prove by reasoning; maintain or
contend: The speaker argued that more immigrants should be admitted to
the country.
3. To give evidence of; indicate: "Similarities
cannot always be used to argue descent" (Isaac Asimov).
4. To persuade or influence (another), as by
presenting reasons: argued the clerk into lowering the price.
v.intr.
1. To put forth reasons for or against something: argued for dismissal
of the case; argued against an immediate counterattack.
2. To engage in a quarrel; dispute.
These verbs denote verbal exchange expressing conflict. To argue is to present reasons or facts in order to persuade someone of something: "I am not arguing with you I am telling you" (James McNeill Whistler).
Quarrel stresses hostility: The children quarreled over whose turn it was to wash the dishes.
Wrangle refers to loud, contentious argument: "audiences . . . who can be overheard wrangling about film facts in restaurants and coffee houses" (Sheila Benson).
Squabble suggests petty or trivial argument: "The one absolutely certain way of bringing this nation to ruin . . . would be to permit it to become a tangle of squabbling nationalities" (Theodore Roosevelt).
Bicker connotes sharp, persistent, bad-tempered exchange: The senators bickered about the President's tax proposal for weeks. See Also Synonyms at discuss, indicate.
example video:
6. Expressing Agreement & Disagreement
Expressing agreement/disagreement
(mengungkapkan
persetujuan/ketidaksetujuan)
Dalam
kehidupan sehari – hari pasti kalian sering menayakan apakah seseorang setuju
atau tidak setuju dengan apa yang kalian lakukan atau kalian pilih.
Berikut
beberapa ucapan yang dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan persetujuan atau ketidak
setujuan
|
agreement
|
Disagreement
|
|
I
agree.
That’s
true.
You’re
right.
I
approve.
It’s
a good idea.
What
an idea.
That’s
fine.
Marvelious!
|
I
disagree.
That’s
not true.
You’re
wrong.
I
don’t approve.
It
is not a good idea.
Forget
it!
That
is not fine.
How
awful!
|
Pada
dasarnya ungkapan – ungkapan pada setiap kolom mempunyai pengertian yang sama
yaitu mengiyakan atau menyetujui suatu pendapat ( agreement ) dan tidak
menyetujui suatu pendapat ( disagreement )
Contoh
percakapan :
1. Rena : what do you think if I try the now mixer?
Dani : it’s a good idea.
2. Lita : do you agree if I buy the red dress?
Feni : I disagree. Find another colour.
3. Father : do you agree if we go to the zoo?
Doni : marvelious!
5. Expressing opinions
Agreement and Disagreement
To
express agree or disagree to an opinion, you may use the following expressions:
Starting an opinion
|
|
Asking for an opinion
|
|
Expressing agreement
|
|
Expressing disagreement
|
|
Langganan:
Postingan
(Atom)